Ecological building materials

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Often when people talk about building materials, concrete, steel, wood or stone immediately come to mind. In the context of insulating materials, mineral wool or expanded polystyrene (EPS) is usually mentioned. But our aim is to broaden people’s awareness of ecological building materials and to present alternative options.

Natural building materials include all materials that can be used for construction and that meet the following criteria: their raw materials are fast-renewing, follow the principles of the circular economy, are biodegradable and store carbon. Ecological building materials include, for example, wood, straw, reeds, limestone, clay, sand, hemp and similar materials. Here we present some of the best-known natural building materials.

Photo – private collection

Wood is one of the best known ecological building materials and is widely used in a wide variety of buildings. Wood stands out for its strength and can be used to construct multiple level buildings. Wood is widely used in residential buildings, where the load-bearing element is the timber frame, or in classic log houses. 

We are familiar with thatch mainly in the form of thatched roofs, and it is also often used to fix natural plasters to walls to improve the adhesion between the plaster and the wall.

Straw has recently made a major breakthrough, as it has become more appreciated and its excellent insulating properties recognised. Straw is a particularly efficient thermal insulation material and a 400 mm thick base wall can ensure the thermal performance of a building. Straw is also a breathable material that reduces allergens and helps to dampen sound while creating a peaceful environment for occupants. 

Our team’s previous exposure to ecological building materials was initially minimal. Most of us had seen log cabins and thatched roofs and had clay poured as children, but our knowledge of the uses of these materials was limited. However, this development work has brought us closer to the use of natural materials and we have explored different ways of applying them. For example, we discovered the possibility of using clay in interior wall finishes, where fine-grained clay is smoothed onto the surface, creating an effect similar to marble. We learnt all this at a training course in Estonian construction, where we broadened our horizons by taking part. We will share more information about the training in our next blog post.

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Foto – erakogu